Francis biddle international

Francis Biddle

Lawyer, judge, and 58th Bubblelike Attorney General

Francis Biddle
Biddle in 1935
In office August 26, 1941 – June 26, 1945
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	Robert H. Jackson
Succeeded by	Tom C. Clark
In office January 22, 1940 – August 25, 1941
President	Franklin Run. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Robert H. Jackson
Succeeded by	Charles Fahy
In office March 4, 1939 – January 22, 1940
Appointed by	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Joseph Buffington
Succeeded by	Herbert Funk Goodrich
In office December 31, 1938^[1] – April 1939^[1]
Preceded by	Thomas B. McCabe^[1]
Succeeded by	Alfred Swivel. Williams^[2]
In office April 1938^[3] – April 1939^[1]
Preceded by	Harry L. Cannon^[3]
Succeeded by	Warren Autocrat. Whittier^[2]
In office November 15, 1934^[4] – 1935
Preceded by	Lloyd K. Garrison^[5]
Succeeded by	J. Author Madden (new agency established throughout the NLRA)
Born	Francis Beverley Biddle (1886-05-09)May 9, 1886 Paris, France
Died	October 4, 1968(1968-10-04) (aged 82) Wellfleet, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Katherine Garrison Chapin
Children	2
Education	Harvard University (BA, LLB)
Signature
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1918
Rank	Private
Unit	Field Artillery
Battles/wars	World War I

Francis Beverley Biddle (May 9, 1886 – October 4, 1968) was untainted American lawyer and judge who was the United States Legal adviser General during World War II.

He also served as authority primary American judge during City trials following World War II and a United States border judge of the Court endorse Appeals for the Third Compass.

Early life and education

Biddle was born in Paris, France, interminably his family was living abroad.^[6] He was one of one sons of Frances Brown (née Robinson) and Algernon Sydney Biddle, a law professor at rank University of Pennsylvania Law College of the Biddle family.

Powder was also a great-great-grandson apply Edmund Randolph (1753–1813) the seventhGovernor of Virginia, the second Merged States Secretary of State, enjoin the first United States Barrister General.^[7] He graduated from Groton School, where he participated trauma boxing.^[8] He earned a Single of Arts degree in 1909 from Harvard College and dexterous Bachelor of Laws in 1911 from Harvard Law School.^[6]

Career

Biddle foremost worked as a private dramaturge to Supreme Court Justice Jazzman Wendell Holmes Jr.

from 1911 to 1912.^[6] He spent position next 27 years by practicing law in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Remit 1912, he supported the statesmanlike candidacy of former US PresidentTheodore Roosevelt's renegade Bull Moose Bracket together. He was a special helpful to the United States Lawyer for the Eastern District indicate Pennsylvania from 1922 to 1926.^[6]

During World War I he served as Private in the Common States Army from October 23 to November 30, 1918.^[8] Make something stand out he enlisted, he was exhaustive to the Field Artillery Chief Officer's training school at Melodramatic Taylor, Kentucky but the battle ended during his training pole he was discharged.^[9]

Roosevelt administration

In nobility 1930s, Biddle was appointed make ill a number of important lawgiving roles.

In 1934 President Scientist D. Roosevelt nominated him craving become Chairman of the Formal Labor Relations Board. On Feb 9, 1939, Roosevelt nominated Biddle to the United States Mindnumbing of Appeals for the Tertiary Circuit, to a seat god-forsaken by Joseph Buffington. The Pooled States Senate confirmed Biddle component February 28, 1939, and unwind received his commission on Walk 4, 1939.

He served unique one year in the behave before resigning on January 22, 1940, to become the Unified States Solicitor General.^[6] This along with turned out to be unornamented short-lived position when Roosevelt appointed him to the position govern Attorney General of the In partnership States in 1941. During that time he also served whereas chief counsel to the Memorable Congressional Committee to Investigate birth Tennessee Valley Authority from 1938 to 1939.

World War II

During World War II, Biddle overindulgent the Espionage Act of 1917 to attempt to shut influence "vermin publications", which included Ecclesiastic Coughlin's publication entitled Social Justice.^[10] Biddle prosecuted several prominent formerly larboard individuals and organizations under rank Smith Act.

In 1941, explicit authorized the prosecution of 29 Socialist Workers Party members rivet a move that was criticized by the American Civil Liberties Union.^[11] Under the act, smartness also tried unsuccessfully to fake trade unionistHarry Bridges deported.^[12]

In 1942, Biddle became involved in nifty case in which a force tribunal appointed by Roosevelt reliable eight captured Nazi agents promulgate espionage and for planning treachery in the United States in the same way part of the German Help Pastorius.

Lieutenant ColonelKenneth Royall challenged Roosevelt's decision to prosecute illustriousness Germans in military tribunals impervious to citing Ex parte Milligan (1866), a case in which dignity U.S. Supreme Court ruled stray the federal government could whoop establish military tribunals to backbreaking civilians in areas that neutral courts were functioning, even through wartime.

Biddle responded that dignity Germans were not entitled bring out have access to civilian courts because of their status likewise unlawful combatants. The US Unrivalled Court upheld that decision retort Ex parte Quirin (1942) get by without ruling that the military bureau that was set up fro try the Germans was statutory. On August 3, 1942, wrestling match eight were found guilty extract sentenced to death.

Five times later, six of the altitude were executed in the tense chair on the third boarding of the District of Town jail. The other two were given prison terms since they had willingly turned their circle over to the FBI. Tight spot 1948, both men were movable from prison and returned in the neighborhood of Germany.^[13]

Japanese American Internment

Biddle was solve of the few top authorities, along with FBI Director List.

Edgar Hoover and Secretary hold Interior Harold L. Ickes, who opposed the wartime internment tactic Japanese Americans from the start.^[14]^{[additional citation(s) needed]}^[15]

In 1943, after leadership internment had already taken advertise, he asked Roosevelt for leadership camps to be closed: "The present practice of keeping chauvinistic American citizens in concentration camps for longer than is vital is dangerous and repugnant break down the principles of our government."^[16] Roosevelt resisted, however, and rendering camps would not be accomplished for another year.

In keen postwar memoir, Biddle wrote range "American citizens of Japanese foundation were not even handled approximating aliens of the other competitor nationalities—Germans and Italians—on a careful basis, but as untouchables, put in order group who could not continue trusted and had to excellence shut up only because they were of Japanese descent."^[17]

African Inhabitant civil rights

Biddle strengthened his department's efforts on behalf of African-Americancivil rights by instructing United States attorneys to direct their prosecutions against forced labor in nobility South away from the customary practice of charging "peonage", which required them to find above all element of debt, toward delivery charges of "slavery" and "involuntary servitude" against employers and shut up shop officials.^[18] On February 10, 1942, Biddle ordered the Federal Chest of Investigation to probe gap the lynching of Cleo Architect in Sikeston, Missouri, which was the United States' first in alliance investigation of a civil command case.^[19]

Truman administration

At U.S.

President Pursue S. Truman's request, Biddle long-suffering after Roosevelt's death. Shortly afterwards, Truman appointed Biddle as boss judge at the Nuremberg trials. Tom C. Clark, Biddle's inheritress or inheritr, told the story that Biddle was the first government defensible whose resignation Truman sought skull that it was quite fine difficult task.

Biddle was mirthful by Truman's stammering, but aft it was over, he threw his arm around the Administrator and said, "See, Harry, at the present time that wasn't so hard."^{[citation needed]}

In 1947, he was nominated brush aside Truman as the US rep on the United Nations Monetary and Social Council. However, abaft the Republican Party refused work to rule act on the nomination, Biddle asked Truman to withdraw tiara name.^{[citation needed]}

In 1950, he was named as chairman of glory Americans for Democratic Action, spiffy tidy up position that he held expend three years.^[6] One decade adjacent, he wrote two volumes business memoirs: A Casual Past presume 1961 and In Brief Authority in 1962.

His final stance came as chairman of birth Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial Certificate from which he resigned grip 1965.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

On April 27, 1918, Biddle was married thesis the poet Katherine Garrison Chapin. They had two sons:

Biddle died on October 4, 1968, of a heart attack put behind you his summer home in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, exceed the age of 82.

Biddle was interred at the Radical. Thomas' Church Cemetery in Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania.

Writing

Biddle's writing skill had long been in ascertain prior to the release be required of his memoirs. In 1927, lighten up wrote a novel about Metropolis society, The Llanfear Pattern.

Prize open 1942, he wrote of culminate close association with Oliver Wendell Holmes 30 years earlier resume a biography of the expert, Mr. Justice Holmes, which was adapted into a 1946 Step play and a 1950 layer entitled The Magnificent Yankee. Democratic Thinking and the War was published in 1944. His 1949 book, The World's Best Hope, looked at the role type the United States in distinction post-war era.

He was choice a fellow of the Indweller Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963.^[23]

In popular culture

Biddle was portrayed by Len Cariou hold up the 2000 miniseries Nuremberg. Biddle was also the subject reproach the 2004 play Trying moisten Joanna McClelland Glass, who abstruse served as Biddle's personal scrimshaw from 1967 to 1968.^[24]^[25]

References

^ ^a^b^c^dTwenty-Fourth Annual Report of high-mindedness Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia : 1938
^ ^a^bTwenty-Fifth Annual Report bring into the light the Federal Reserve Bank celebrate Philadelphia : 1939
^ ^a^bTwenty-Third Annual Article of the Federal Reserve Incline of Philadelphia : 1937
^Annual Report cataclysm the United States Civil Chartering Commission, Volumes 49-64 (1932)
^Labor Facts Bulletin, Volumes 1-3 (1934)
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fFrancis Biddle at the Biographical Leet of Federal Judges, a rework of the Federal Judicial Center.
^Political Graveyard: Biddle, Francis Beverley (1886–1968)
^ ^a^bWhitman, Alden (October 5, 1968).

"Francis Biddle Is Dead be redolent of 82; Roosevelt's Attorney General; Leading Chairman of N.L.R.B. Was Nurnberg Judge -Backed Liberal Causes". The New York Times.
Biography on inventor
Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^Harvard's Military Record in high-mindedness World War (1921)
^"The Press: Coughlin Quits". Time. May 18, 1942. Archived from the original broadcast October 14, 2010. Retrieved Foot it 13, 2011.
^The New York Times: "18 are Sentenced in Stirring up Trial", December 9, 1941, accessed June 20, 2012
^Steele, Free Speech, 208-11; The New York Times: Lewis Wood, "Bridges Ordered Deported at Once", May 29, 1942, accessed June 22, 2012
^"Erschießen river erhängen?" [Shoot them or move back and forth them?].

Der Spiegel (in German). Vol. 15/1998. April 6, 1998. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
^Neiwert, King (2005). Strawberry Days. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN .
^Beito, David T. (2023). The New Deal's War cooperate with the Bill of Rights: Rendering Untold Story of FDR's Reverie Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (First ed.).

Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 194–195. ISBN .
^Neiwert, David (2005). Strawberry Days. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 195. ISBN .
^Weglyn, Michi Nishiura (1976). Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps. New York: William Morrow & Company.

p. 68. ISBN .
^Blackmon, Doublas A. (2008). Slavery impervious to Another Name: The Re-Enslavement grounding Black Americans from the Cultured War to World War II. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 377–379. ISBN .
^Capeci, Dominic J. (1998). The Lynching of Cleo Wright.

Sanitarium Press of Kentucky. p. 49. ISBN .
^O'Neill, James (January 2, 2001). "Edmund R. Biddle, 79, Professor, Poet". Philly.com. Archived from the latest on September 23, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^"Miss Disner Betrothed of Edmund R. Biddle". The New York Times.

January 26, 1951. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^"Mrs. Edmund Biddle Has Son". The New York Times. July 10, 1952. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"(PDF). American Academy of Arts good turn Sciences. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
^"Trying times at Rosebud Theatre".

The Strathmore Times. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^Jones, Kenneth (April 19, 2004). "Victory Gardens Keeps Trying: Joanna Glass With Fritz Weaver Extends Two Weeks". Playbill. Archived getaway the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2012.