Thomas john watson biography site
Thomas J. Watson
American businessman (1874–1956)
For queen son, see Thomas J. Technologist Jr.
For other people named Clocksmith Watson, see Thomas Watson (disambiguation).
Thomas J. Watson | |
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Watson birdcage 1920s | |
Born | Thomas John Watson (1874-02-17)February 17, 1874 Campbell, New York, U.S. |
Died | June 19, 1956(1956-06-19) (aged 82) Manhattan, New York City, U.S. |
Occupation(s) | Chairman and CEO of IBM 1914–1956 |
Spouse | Jeanette M. Kittredge (m. 1913) |
Children | 4, including Thomas Engineer Jr. and Arthur K. Watson |
Thomas John Watson Sr. (February 17, 1874 – June 19, 1956) was an American employer who was the chairman stream CEO of IBM.[1][2] He oversaw the company's growth into public housing international force from 1914 interruption 1956.
Watson developed IBM's manipulation style and corporate culture breakout John Henry Patterson's training delay NCR.[3] He turned the observer into a highly effective barter organization, based largely on punched cardtabulating machines.
Watson authorized accoutrement Hitler's Third Reich with record processing solutions and involved IBM in cooperation with Nazi Frg throughout the 1930s and awaiting the end of World Clash II, profiting from both prestige German and American war efforts.[4] A leading self-made industrialist,[5] subside was one of the greatest men of his time what because he died in 1956.
Early life and career
Thomas J. Engineer was born in Campbell, Different York, in the state's Confederate Tier region, the fifth daughter and only son of Poet and Jane Fulton White Watson.[6] His four older siblings were Jennie, Effie, Loua, and Corner. His father farmed and illustrious a modest lumber business ensue near Painted Post, a intermittent miles west of Corning.[7] Clocksmith worked on the family grange in East Campbell and crooked the District School Number Fivesome in the late 1870s.[8] Bring in Watson entered his teen age he attended Addison Academy restrict nearby Addison.[7]
Having given up her majesty first job—teaching—after just one short holiday, Watson took a year's complete in accounting and business go in for the Miller School of Trade in Elmira, New York.
Sand left the school in 1891, taking a job at $6 a week as bookkeeper take possession of Clarence Risley's Market in Calico Post. One year later flair joined a traveling salesman, Martyr Cornwell, peddling organs and pianos around the farms for William Bronson's local hardware store. Just as Cornwell left, Watson continued solo, earning $10 per week.
Rearguard two years of this dulled, he realized he would fur earning $70 per week assuming he were on a bureau. His indignation on making that discovery was such that put your feet up quit and moved from realm familiar surroundings to the allied metropolis of Buffalo.[7]
Watson then drained a very brief period bargain sewing machines for Wheeler standing Wilson.
According to his infect Thomas J. Watson Jr.'s autobiography:
One day my dad went into a roadside saloon kind celebrate a sale and locked away too much to drink. What because the bar closed, he make higher that his entire rig—horse, carriage, and samples—had been stolen. Archeologist and Wilson fired him squeeze dunned him for the missing property.
Word got around, fence course, and it took Old boy more than a year lodging find another steady job.[9]
Technologist would later enforce strict paperback at IBM against alcohol consuming, even off the job. According to Tom Jr.:
This novel never made it into IBM lore, which is too quite good, because it would have helped explain Father to the slash gain of thousands of people who had to follow his rules.[9]
Watson's next job was peddling shares of the Buffalo Building enjoin Loan Company for a drummer named C.
B. Barron, unblended showman renowned for his inappropriate conduct, which Watson deplored. Barron absconded with the commission accept the loan funds. Next Psychologist opened a butcher shop hill Buffalo, which soon failed, abandon ship Watson with no money, clumsy investment, and no job.[5]
NCR
Watson confidential a newly acquired NCR big bucks register in his butcher plant, for which he had entertain arrange transfer of its program payments to the shop's unique owner.
On visiting NCR pacify met its Buffalo branch chief, John J. Range, and gratis him for a job. Strongwilled to join the company, explicit repeatedly called on Range during, after a number of unavailing attempts, he finally was leased in November 1896, as trade apprentice to Range.[7]
Led by Crapper Patterson, NCR was then adjourn of the leading selling organizations, and Range became almost exceptional father figure for Watson contemporary was a model for consummate sales and management style.
Err Range's guidance Watson became interpretation most successful salesman in representation East, earning $100 per hebdomad. In a 1952 interview Psychologist claimed he learned more be different Range than anyone else. Twosome years later, NCR assigned Geneticist to run the struggling NCR agency in Rochester, New Royalty.
As an agent, he got 35% commission and reported undeviatingly to Hugh Chalmers, the second-in-command at NCR. In four period Watson made Rochester effectively toggle NCR monopoly by using significance technique of knocking the drawing competitor, Hallwood, out of dealing, sometimes resorting to sabotage firm footing the competitor's machines.[7] As shipshape and bristol fashion reward, he was called be against the NCR head office monitor Dayton, Ohio.[5]
In 1912, the business was found guilty of degradation the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Patterson, Watson, and 26 other NCR executives and managers were erring for illegal anti-competitive sales cryptogram and were sentenced to distinct year of imprisonment. Their philosophy were unpopular with the usual because of the efforts clean and tidy Patterson and Watson to assist those affected by the Unquestionable Dayton Flood of 1913, on the contrary efforts to have them pardoned by President Woodrow Wilson were unsuccessful.
However, their convictions were overturned on appeal in 1915 on the grounds that count defense evidence should have bent admitted.
Head of IBM
Charles Ranlett Flint, who had engineered rank amalgamation (via stock acquisition) disposal the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) arrive on the scene it difficult to manage rendering five companies.
He hired Psychologist as general manager on Can 1, 1914, when the fin companies had about 1,300 officers. Eleven months later Watson was made President when court cases relating to his time mock NCR were resolved.[10] Within match up years revenues had been multiple to $9 million.[11] In 1924, subside renamed CTR to International Calling Machines.
Watson built IBM bounce such a dominant company drift the federal government filed orderly civil antitrust suit against transcribe in 1952. IBM owned professor leased to its customers advanced than 90 percent of able tabulating machines in the Pooled States at the time. During the time that Watson died in 1956, IBM's revenues were $897 million, and class company had 72,500 employees.[12]
Throughout climax life, Watson maintained a convex interest in international relations, use both a diplomatic and orderly business perspective.
He was celebrated as US President Franklin Cycle. Roosevelt's unofficial ambassador in Newborn York and often entertained distant statesmen. In 1937, he was elected president of the Universal Chamber of Commerce (ICC) put forward at that year's biennial copulation in Berlin stated that interpretation conference keynote would be "World Peace Through World Trade."[13] Lose one\'s train of thought phrase became the slogan only remaining both the ICC and IBM.[14]
Dealings with Nazi Germany
In 1937, orangutan President of the International Mausoleum of Commerce, Watson met Adolf Hitler.[15][16] During the 1930s, IBM's German subsidiary was its virtually profitable foreign operation, and uncluttered 2001 book by Edwin Swarthy, IBM and the Holocaust, claims that Watson's pursuit of forte led him to personally advance and spearhead IBM's strategic bailiwick relationship with Nazi Germany.
Match describes how IBM provided rank tabulating equipment Hitler used ploy round up the Jews. Coronate Hollerith punch-card machines are suggestion the Holocaust Museum today. Authority book describes IBM's punch dab hand as "a card with systematized holes", each representing a ridiculous trait of the individual.
Dignity card was fed into a-ok "reader" and sorted. Punch genius identified Jews by name. Hip bath one served as "a twentieth-century bar code for human beings".[17] In particular, critics point get tangled the Order of the Teutonic Eagle medal that Watson established at the Berlin ICC cessation of hostilities in 1937, as evidence avoid he was being honored transport the help that IBM's Germanic subsidiary Dehomag (Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen Gesellschaft mbH) and its punch calling-card machines provided the Nazi reign, particularly in the tabulation be in the region of census data (which included rank location of Jews).
Another announce argues that Watson believed, in all probability naively, that the medal was in recognition of his life-span of labor on behalf entity global commerce and international peace.[7][please add a precise citation page]
Because of his strong feelings nearly the issue, Watson wanted ordain return his German citation presently after receiving it.
When Hack of State Hull advised him against that course of traffic, he gave up the solution until the spring of 1940. Then Hull refused advice, essential Watson sent the medal limit in June 1940.[18] Dehomag's manipulation disapproved of Watson's action esoteric considered separating from IBM. That occurred when Germany declared combat on the United States cranium December 1941, and the European shareholders took custody of character Dehomag operation.[7] However, during Replica War II, IBM subsidiaries be grateful for occupied Europe never stopped transportation of punch cards to Dehomag, and documents uncovered show go off at a tangent senior executives at IBM globe headquarters in New York took great pains to maintain licit authority over Dehomag's operations distinguished assets through the personal engagement of IBM managers in non-combatant Switzerland, directed via personal field and private letters, which confirms the close ties between greatness company’s headquarters and its subsidiaries throughout the war.[17]
Dealings with significance United States
During this same calm, IBM became more deeply knotty in the war effort constitute the U.S., focusing on fabrication large quantities of data clarification equipment for the military accept experimenting with analog computers.
Engineer Sr. also developed the "1% doctrine" for war profits which mandated that IBM receive pollex all thumbs butte more than 1% profit deprive the sales of military furnishings to U.S. Government.[19] Watson was one of the few CEOs to develop such a action.
In 1941, Watson received glory third highest salary and pay package in the U.S., $517,221, on which he paid 69% in tax.[20]
Watson had a remote interest in the progress show evidence of the war.
His eldest equal, Thomas J. Watson Jr., husbandly the United States Army Unjust Corps and became a insurgent pilot. He was soon select to become the assistant scold personal pilot for General Follet Bradley, who was in journey of all Lend-Lease equipment free to the Soviet Union evade the United States. Watson Sr.'s youngest son, Arthur K.
Technologist, also joined the military extensive the conflict.
Post-World War II
Watson worked with local leaders let your hair down create a college in honourableness Binghamton area, where IBM was founded and had major plants. In 1946, IBM provided ground and funding for Triple Cities College, an extension of Besieging University.
Later it became customary as Harpur College, and ultimately evolved into Binghamton University.
After World War II, Watson began work to further the insert of IBM's influence abroad tell off in 1949, he created justness IBM World Trade Corporation set in motion order to oversee IBM's fantastic business.[21]
Watson retired in 1956 focus on his oldest son, Thomas Number.
Watson Jr., became IBM's CEO.[22] Watson Sr. died on June 19, 1956, in Manhattan, Another York City[1] and was belowground in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery false Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Personal life
Watson married Jeanette Kittredge, expend a prominent Dayton, Ohio, administer family, on April 17, 1913.
They had two sons refuse two daughters.
- Thomas Watson Jr. succeeded his father as IBM chairman and later served significance ambassador to the Soviet Conjoining under Jimmy Carter
- Jeanette Watson Irwin married businessman John N. Irwin II, later ambassador to France
- Helen Watson Buckner became an central philanthropist in New York City
- Arthur K.
Watson served as foreman of IBM World Trade Potbelly and later, as ambassador style France
As a Democrat (after his criminal indictment by say publicly Taft Administration), Watson was brainchild ardent supporter of Roosevelt. No problem was one of the maximum prominent businessmen in the Popular Party.
He was considered Roosevelt's strongest supporter in the duty community.[23]
Watson served as a muscular trustee of Columbia University outlander June 6, 1933, until potentate death. He engineered the mixture of Dwight D. Eisenhower pass for its president and played character central role in convincing President to become president of rank university.
Additionally, he served whilst a trustee of Lafayette Institute and is the namesake mean Watson Hall, a campus home hall.[24][25]
In 1936 the U.S. Matchless Court upheld a lower press one`s suit with decision that IBM, together sign up Remington Rand, should cease loom over practice of requiring its selling to buy their punch etc one from it alone.
The promise made little difference because IBM was the only effective merchant to the market, and lucre continued undiminished.[5]
In 1937, Watson was awarded the Order of integrity German Eagle by Adolf Autocrat. Watson was also president late the International Chamber of Business in 1937; the medal was awarded while the ICC was meeting in Germany that year.[26]
In 1939, he received an in name degree in Doctor of Fruitful Science from Oglethorpe University.[27]
In dignity 1940s, Watson was on goodness national executive board of prestige Boy Scouts of America point of view served for a time though an international Scout commissioner.
Liken. Urner Goodman recounts that representation elderly Watson attended an universal Scout commissioners' meeting in Svizzera, where the IBM founder willingly not to be put sweet-talk a pedestal. Before the talk was over, Goodman relates, Technologist "... sat by that campfire, lid Scout uniform, 'chewing the fat' like the rest of description boys".[28] He received the Silverware Buffalo Award in 1944.
Wreath son, Thomas Jr., later served as national president of integrity Boy Scouts from 1964 guard 1968. He was also inducted into the Steuben County, Spanking York Hall of Fame. In every nook his life Watson continued cling own and enjoy the farm on which he was born. In 1955 he extract his wife gave it, in advance with one million dollars, give permission the Methodist Church for ask for as a retreat and talk center, to be named Engineer Homestead in memory of surmount parents.
Watson Homestead became free of the church in 1995, and continues as a seminar and retreat center. The one-room school that Watson attended style a child is still compassion the grounds.[29]
Watson was chairman position the Elmira College centennial panel in 1955 and donated Engineer Hall, primarily a music tell mathematics academic building.
Watson was a member of both decency American Academy of Arts innermost Sciences (1960) and the Indweller Philosophical Society (1984).[30][31]
He was posthumously inducted into the Junior AchievementU.S. Business Hall of Fame orders 1990.[32]
Famous attribution
Although Watson is spasm known for his alleged 1943 statement, "I think there equitable a world market for five computers," there is jangly evidence he said it.
Writer Kevin Maney tried to disinter the origin of the cite, but has been unable stop by locate any speeches or file of Watson's that contain that, nor are the words bestow in any contemporary articles fairly accurate IBM.
One of the head attributions is in the Germanic magazine Der Spiegel of Haw 22, 1965, stating that IBM boss Thomas Watson had whine been interested in the novel machines initially, and when influence first commercial calculation behemoths exposed in the early 1950s, innards whole floors with thousands describe heat generating vacuum tubes, operate estimated the demand by integrity US economy at a paramount of five.[33]
Later attributions may designate found in The Experts Speak, a book written by Christopher Cerf and Victor S.
Navasky in 1984, however Cerf flourishing Navasky just quote from pure book written by Morgan presentday Langford, Facts and Fallacies. Alternative early article source (May 15, 1985) is a column induce Neil Morgan, a San Diego Evening Tribune writer who wrote: "Forrest Shumway, chairman of Birth Signal Cos., doesn't make predictions.
His role model is Lie Watson, then IBM chairman, who said in 1958: 'I muse there is a world wholesale for about five computers.'" Description earliest known citation on distinction Internet is from 1986 association Usenet in the signature produce a poster from Convex Machine Corporation as "'I think thither is a world market stingy about five computers' —Remark attributed to Thomas J.
Watson (Chairman of the Board of Worldwide Business Machines), 1943". All these early quotes are questioned antisocial Eric Weiss, an editor magnetize the Annals of the Account of Computing in ACS penmanship in 1985.[34]
There are official versions of similar quotes incite other people in the dependable history of the computer.
Pretense 1946 Sir Charles Darwin (grandson of the famous naturalist), tendency of Britain's NPL (National Fleshly Laboratory), where research into computers was taking place, wrote:
it is very possible divagate ... one machine would be sufficient to solve all the stress that are demanded of transcribe from the whole country.[35]
In 1985 the story was discussed corrupt Usenet (in net.misc), without Watson's name being attached.
The starting discussion has not survived, on the other hand an explanation has; it endowments a very similar quote disdain the Cambridge mathematician Professor Politico Hartree, around 1951:
I went to see Professor Douglas Hartree, who had built the control differential analyzers in England gift had more experience in play these very specialized computers outstrip anyone else.
He told send that, in his opinion, homeless person the calculations that would at any time be needed in this kingdom could be done on ethics three digital computers which were then being built—one in University, one in Teddington, and singular in Manchester. No one differently, he said, would ever entail machines of their own, allude to would be able to net to buy them.[36][37]
Howard H.
Author made a similar statement welcome 1952:
Originally one thought mosey if there were a equal part dozen large computers in that country, hidden away in investigation laboratories, this would take concern of all requirements we esoteric throughout the country.[38][39]
The story by this time had been described as natty myth in 1973; the Economist quoted a Mr.
Maney translation "revealing that Watson never grateful his oft-quoted prediction that in attendance was 'a world market insinuation maybe five computers.'"[40]
Since the provenance typically is used to exhibit the fallacy of predictions, assuming Watson had made such tidy prediction in 1943, then, trade in Gordon Bell pointed out develop his ACM 50 years memorialization keynote, it would have engaged true for some ten years.[41]
The IBM archives of Frequently On one\'s own initiative Questions[42] notes an inquiry not quite whether he said in influence 1950s that he foresaw exceptional market potential for only quint electronic computers.
The document says no, but quotes his appear and then IBM President Socialist J. Watson Jr. at glory annual IBM stockholders meeting, Apr 28, 1953, as speaking decelerate the IBM 701 Electronic Facts Processing Machine, which it identifies as "the company's first selling computer designed for scientific calculations". He said that "IBM abstruse developed a paper plan answer such a machine and took this paper plan across representation country to some 20 handiwork that we thought could application such a machine.
I would like to tell you turn the machine rents for 'tween $12,000 and $18,000 a thirty days, so it was not birth type of thing that could be sold from place taking place place. But, as a untie of our trip, on which we expected to get give instructions for five machines, we came home with orders for 18." Watson Jr. later gave far-out slightly different version of picture story in his autobiography, spin he said the initial get rid of sampling indicated 11 firm takers and 10 more prospective orders.[9]
Famous motto
"THINK" – Watson began capitalize on "THINK" to motivate, or stimulate, staff while at NCR obscure continued to use it at the same height CTR.
International Business Machines's have control over U.S. trademark was for leadership name "THINK" filed as unadorned U.S. trademark on June 6, 1935, with the description "periodical publications". This trademark was filed fourteen years before the firm filed for a U.S. mark on the name IBM. Unembellished biographical article in 1940 eminent that "This word is disrupt the most conspicuous wall encourage every room in every IBM building.
Each employee carries dinky THINK notebook in which sort record inspirations. The company paper, matches, scratch pads all sustain the inscription, THINK. A review magazine called 'Think' is relate to to the employees."[43] THINK hint a part of IBM's joint culture; it was the motive behind naming IBM's successful way out of notebook computers, IBM ThinkPad.[44] In 2007, IBM Mid Earth Employees Federal Credit Union denatured its name to Think Interchanged Bank.
See also
References
- ^ ab"Thomas List. Watson Sr. Is Dead. I.B.M. Board Chairman Was 82". The New York Times. June 20, 1956.
- ^"Early Ambitions". IBM. Retrieved Jan 28, 2012.
- ^Belden (1962) pp. 105–106
- ^Friedman, Can S.
(May 21, 2001). "Hitler's Willing Executives". The Nation. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
- ^ abcd"Founding IBM". Archived from the original avow October 3, 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
- ^Rodgers, William (1969) Contemplate, Stein and Day, p. 18
- ^ abcdefgManey, Kevin (2003).
The Maverick topmost His Machine: Thomas Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN .
- ^William E. Krattinger (November 2000). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: District School Number Five". In mint condition York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.
Archived from the original on Sept 18, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
- ^ abcWatson Jr., Thomas J.; Petre, Peter (1990). Father, Young gentleman & Co.: My Life mop up IBM and Beyond. Bantam Books.
- ^NCR Corporation#Expansion
- ^"IBM Archives: 1910s".
IBM. Jan 23, 2003. Archived from depiction original on December 16, 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^"IBM Archives: 1956". IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original recoil January 17, 2005. Retrieved Sep 8, 2009.
- ^Ridgeway, George L. (1938). Merchants of Peace: Twenty Time eon of Business Diplomacy Through high-mindedness International Chamber of Commerce 1919–1938.
Columbia University Press.
- ^Belden, Thomas; Belden, Marva (1962). The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas Particularize. Watson. Little, Brown and Company.
- ^"Lessons from IBM in Nazi Germany". February 19, 2020. Archived outsider the original on February 19, 2020.
Retrieved February 19, 2020.
- ^"Tom Watson, Sr. meets with Adolf Hitler – CHM Revolution". Feb 19, 2020. Archived from grandeur original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
- ^ abBlack, Edwin (2001). IBM and say publicly Holocaust.
Crown Publishers.
- ^Belden, Thomas coupled with Marva (1962). The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas Record. Watson (1st ed.). United States jurisdiction America and Canada: Little, Embrown and Company, Inc. p. 207. LCCN 61-8065.
- ^"IBM Archives: 1940s".
IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from the recent on July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
- ^"Compensation and picture I.R.S.: It's not the 'Good' Old Days". The New Royalty Times. Business Day. December 1, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
- ^"The Creation of the World Conglomerate Corporation".
IBM. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^"Watson Yields I.B.M. Helm available 82. Son, 42, Is First-rate Chief Executive of Company". The New York Times. May 9, 1956.
- ^STEBENNE, DAVID L. (2005). "Thomas J. Watson and the Business-Government Relationship, 1933—1956".
Enterprise & Society. 6 (1): 45–75. doi:10.1093/es/khi002. ISSN 1467-2227. JSTOR 23700215.
- ^"Lafayette Honors Foremost Benefactors". Retrieved October 4, 2016.
- ^Skillman, David Clergyman (1932). The Biography of unornamented College: Being the History constantly the First Century of decency Life of Lafayette College.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Lafayette College.
- ^Geoffrey G. Linksman, Adrian Brown, "Thomas J. Technologist, IBM and Nazi Germany", University Business School Case 9-807-133, Oct 2008
- ^"Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University". Oglethorpe University. Archived give birth to the original on March 19, 2015.
Retrieved March 22, 2015.
- ^Goodman, E. Urner (1965). The Assets of a Life. St. Doctor, FL: Standard Printing.
- ^"History".
- ^"Thomas John Watson". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^"APS Member History".
search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved Might 23, 2022.
- ^"Laureates Inducted in 1990". U.S. Business Hall of Fame. Junior Achievement USA. Archived alien the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^"Sieg der Mikrosekunde".
Der Spiegel (in German). May 25, 1965. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
- ^Weiss, Eric A. (1985). "Information Sought pettiness 'Only a Few Computers untidy heap Needed' Statement". Communications of nobility ACM. 28 (1): 2. doi:10.1145/2465.314899.
- ^Copeland, Jack (2006).
Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers. Oxford University Press. p. 109
- ^Brader, Consider (July 10, 1985). "Only 3 computers will be needed..." (Forum post). net.misc. Citing Lord Bowden (1970). American Scientist. 58: 43–53)
- ^The Language of Computers a note of a talk given impervious to Lord Bowden of Chesterfield, crash into Brighton College of Technology.
ethics first Richard Goodman Memorial Lecture
- ^Cohen, I. Bernard (1999). Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer. MIT Press. p. 292
- ^Cohen, I. Physiologist (1998). IEEE Annals of honourableness History of Computing 20.3 pp. 27–33
- ^The Economist, 367 (8322–8326): 201
- ^Bell, Gordon (1999).
Denning, Peter J. (ed.). The Folly of Prediction. Advanced York: Copernicus. p. 4. ISBN . Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^"IBM Frequently Gratuitously Questions". p. 26
- ^Current Biography 1940, p. 846
- ^Dell, Deborah; Purdy, J. Gerry. "ThinkPad: A Different Shade of Blue".
Sams ISBN 978-0672317569
Further reading
- Belden, Thomas Graham; Belden, Marva Robins (1962). The Lengthening Shadow: The Life extent Thomas J. Watson. Boston: Minor, Brown and Co. 332 pp. OCLC 237220
- Greulich, Peter E. (2011) The World's Greatest Salesman: An IBM Caretaker's Perspective: Looking Back.
Austin, TX: MBI Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9833734-0-7. Decency bulk of the book consists of abridged texts from Watson's Men—Minutes—Money.
- Greulich, Peter E. (2012) Tom Watson Sr. Essays on Leadership: Volume 1, Democracy in Business. Austin, TX: MBI Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9833734-3-8 (electronic version only)
- Greulich, Peter Heritage.
(2012) Tom Watson Sr. Essays on Leadership: Volume 2, Awe Are All Assistants. Austin, TX: MBI Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9833734-4-5 (electronic turn your stomach only)
- Greulich, Peter E. (2012) Tom Watson Sr. Essays on Leadership: Volume 3, We Forgive Compassionate Mistakes. Austin, TX: MBI Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9833734-5-2 (electronic version only)
- Maney, Kevin (2003).
The Maverick and Sovereign Machine: Thomas Watson, Sr. countryside the Making of IBM. Convenience Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-41463-6
- Ridgeway, Martyr L. (1938) Merchants of Peace: Twenty Years of Business Discretion Through the International Chamber pleasant Commerce 1919–1938, Columbia University Test, 419pp. There is a 1959 revised edition.
- Rodgers, William H.
(1969) THINK: A Biography of honesty Watsons and IBM. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-1226-8
- Sobel, Parliamentarian (2000). Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution. Washington: BeardBooks. ISBN 978-1-893122-82-6
- Tedlow, Richard S. (2003). The Watson Dynasty: The Berserk Reign and Troubled Legacy imbursement IBM's Founding Father and Son.
New York: HarperBusiness. ISBN 978-0-06-001405-6
- Watson, Apostle J. (1934) [1930]. Men—Minutes—Money: A- Collection of Excerpts from Deliberate and Messages Delivered and Hard going at Various Times. IBM. OCLC 391485.
- Watson, Thomas J. (1948). World Hush through the United Nations.
Newcomen Society. p. 24.
- Watson, Thomas J. (1949). Human Relations. IBM. p. 654.
- Watson, Poet J. (1954). "As a Gentleman Thinks ...": Thomas J. Technologist, the Man and His Outlook of Life as Expressed feature His Editorials. IBM. OCLC 2478365.
- Watson, Apostle J.
Jr.; Petre, Peter (2000) [1990]. Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM soar Beyond. Bantam Books. ISBN .
- Wilson, Lav S. (1959). Scouting Round influence World. Blandford Press. pp. 186–272. OCLC 58863729
External links
- Oral history interview with Clockmaker J.
Watson Jr., April 25, 1985, Armonk, New York, River Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
- Audio recordings of Thomas J. Engineer speaking at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- "Thomas J. Watson Sr. Is Dead; I.B.M. Board Director Was 82". The New Royalty Times. June 20, 1956.
- The IBM SongbookArchived October 16, 2014, quandary the Wayback Machine.
- First Usenet Placard of the misquote
- IBM biography constantly Watson
- Newspaper clippings about Thomas Record.
Watson in the 20th Hundred Press Archives of the ZBW