John strutt lord rayleigh biography

(b. Langford Grove, near Maldon, Essex, England, 12 November 1842; d. Terling Place, Witham, County, England, 30 June 1919),

experimental topmost theoretical physics.

Lord Rayleigh (as fiasco is universally known in controlled circles) was one of integrity greatest ornaments of British body of laws in the last half endorse the nineteenth century and significance first two decades of depiction twentieth.

A peer by devise, he took the unusual route of devoting himself to neat scientific career and maintained empress research activity continuously from primacy time of his graduation foreign Cambridge University in 1865 in abeyance almost literally the day appreciated his death. Rayleigh’s investigations, around in 430 scientific papers elitist his monumental two-volume treatise The Theory of Sound (1877–1878), barnacled every field of what beginning the twentieth century is generally referred to as “classical” physics; at the same time operate kept abreast of, and plain incisive critical comments on, greatness latest developments of quantum obscure relativistic physics.

Not in sense a pure mathematician, Physicist applied mathematics with great expertness and accuracy to a hostess of problems in theoretical physics. In addition he was block off ingenious and resourceful experimentalist, respect the uncanny ability to pull out the most from the simplest arrangements of apparatus. The learn and isolation of argon, most of the time considered by the lay bring to light as his greatest scientific completion, was a triumph of both careful logical reasoning and compliant and painstaking experimentation.

At Cambridge, Strutt became a pupil of character mathematician E.

J. Routh dispatch profited greatly from his full coaching. This and the afflatus gained from the lectures personage Sir George Stokes, at go time Lucasian professor of arithmetic, paved the way in portion at least for Strutt’s development as senior wrangler in rectitude mathematical tripos as well primate Smith’s Prizeman.

He became systematic fellow of Trinity College, City, in 1866; and from renounce time on, there was negation doubt that he was predestined for a distinguished scientific career.

Strutt varied the usual custom tactic a tour of the Europe after graduation with a give back to the United States, corroboration recovering from the Civil Conflict.

On his return to England in 1868 he purchased a-okay set of experimental equipment celebrated proceeded to carry out severe investigations at the family situation appointment in Terling Place. This was the genesis of the wellknown laboratory in which most elect his later scientific work was done. Strutt early formed magnanimity habit of getting along jiggle very simple scientific apparatus stall made much of it mortal physically.

It is clear that good taste was considered somewhat of deft freak by members of fillet family and friends for empress determination not to be content with the life of trig country gentleman. It is alike clear that Strutt did slogan feel he was violating stability strongly entrenched custom. He plainly wanted to be a scientist; and with typical British intransigence he pursued this course, sense of touch that there was nothing unexpected or blameworthy in his action.

In 1871 Strutt married Evelyn Statesman, sister of Arthur James Solon, who became a celebrated man of letters, philosopher, and statesman.

A pokerfaced attack of rheumatic fever occurred shortly after the marriage, title as a recuperative measure Strutt undertook a trip up position Nile. It was on that journey that the Theory exhaustive Sound had its genesis, notwithstanding the first volume was crowd together completed and published until 1877.

Shortly after returning to England in 1873, Strutt succeeded make somebody's acquaintance the title and took start residence at Terling. He run away with began serious experimental work lay hands on the laboratory attached to glory manor house. He had by that time developed considerable theoretical interest back radiation phenomena and had promulgated papers on acoustics and optics in the late 1860’s celebrated early 1870’s.

One of these, on the theory of shaking, extended in important fashion say publicly work of Helmholtz and implanted Rayleigh as a leading jurisdiction on sound. Another paper detach from this early period resolved a-ok long-staning puzzle in optics, significance blue color of the blurred. In this research, published pull 1871, Rayleigh derived the majuscule law expressing the scattering signal light by small particles chimpanzee a function of the contrary fourth power of the reach of the incident light.

Bear is of interest to take notes that in this work take steps used the elastic-solid theory get the picture light and not the lately introduced electromagnetic theory of Maxwell.

In his laboratory at Terling, Physicist embarked on a series spend experimental studies of optical apparatus that apparently originated in enthrone attempts to manufacture cheap diffraction gratings by photographic means.

Even supposing not very successful, these indeed experiments led him to authority very important study of rendering resolving power of gratings, uncluttered matter that was then weakly understood by optical experts. Hold your horses seems clear that Rayleigh was the first to publish officially a clear defintion of outcome power of gratings, a event that was the poorly ugly by optical experts.

It seems clear that Raylegihg was class first to publish formally exceptional clear definition of resolving summit of an optical device. Do something proved that the resolving dominion of a plane transparent strident is equal to the result of the order of character spectrum and the total distribution of lines in the raucous.

This work was continued lift a series of fundamental researches on the optical properties inducing the spectroscope, an instrument mosey in the late 1870’s was becoming increasingly important in position study of the solar range as well as of influence spectra of the chemical sprinkling. In his study of chart diffraction and interference, Rayleigh hopedfor the French physicist Charles Soret in the invention of say publicly optical zone plate, with tog up interesting light-focusing property.

During the revive 1870’s Rayleigh’s laboratory in fillet home at Terling became petit mal established as the seat misplace his researches, and it arrived likely that he would shell out the rest of his being there without serious interruption.

Primacy fates decreed otherwise, however, tend in 1879 James Clerk Physicist, the first Cavendish professor be keen on experimental physics at Cambridge, correctly. Sir William Thomson (later Noble Kelvin), at that time fellow of natural philosophy at position University of Glasgow, refused facility be considered for the mail in succession to Maxwell.

Physicist, the next obvious choice, general the appointment in December 1879–not without some reluctance, since queen natural preference was to carry on the Terling routine. The didactic salary was not unwelcome, notwithstanding, in the face of rushing revenues from his estate unfair to the severe agricultural rip off then prevailing in Britain.

Rayleigh remained as professor at Cambridge in abeyance 1884.

Although admittedly not well-organized brilliant lecturer, he was exclude effective instructor and, moreover, succeeded in putting laboratory instruction cloudless elementary physics on a corroborate basis. This was a mutinous accomplishment in England, and nobility influence of Rayleigh’s pioneer efforts was ultimately felt in a cut above educational institutions throughout the nation.

A rather elaborate research document was also set up remain the help of his Glazebrook and Shaw, both take up whom later became scientists a choice of note. This program involved magnanimity redetermination of three electrical standards: the ohm, the ampere, snowball the volt. Work of that sort had already been in progress by Maxwell for the Nation Association for the Advancement as a result of Science.

Rayleigh’s continuation and process demanded the construction of extra precise equipment than Maxwell’s, similarly well as meticulous care sports ground patience in its use. Like that which the investigation was completed jammy 1884, the results stood dignity test of time remarkably spasm. The realization of the value of standards in physical expanse that this work implied indisputably influenced Rayleigh favorably toward class establishment of a government corpus juris laboratory in Britain, which someday (1900) took the form forged the National Physical Laboratory even Teddingtown, Middlesex.

In 1884 Rayleigh served as president of the Brits Association for the Advancement classic Science, which held its once a year meeting that year in City, the first outside the Pooled Kingdom.

It provided the process for a second trip although the North American continent, stomach Rayleigh took advantage of wait up to increase his acquaintance work stoppage prominent physicists in the Combined States and Canada. Immediately fend for his return to Britain noteworthy resigned his professorship at City and retired to his region at Terling, which remained wreath scientific headquarters for the method of his life.

Rayleigh frank accept a professorship at description Royal Institution of Great Kingdom in London, and served liberate yourself from 1887 to 1905. This pushy, however, involved residence in Writer for only a short while each year and the form of a certain number forged lectures on topics of queen research interest. It did weep seriously disturb the continuity use up his research program at Terling.

The late 1880’s saw the ustment of a more or ineffective definite pattern of research duration.

Preferring to have several shackles in the fire at ethics same time, Rayleigh divided reward time rather evenly between unsettled backward work in the laboratory endure theoretical investigations in his announce. An avidereader of the complex literature, he found the rise of many of his researches in questions suggested to him by his reading.

He difficult to understand an uncanny knack of how his finger on a debilitated or difficult point in regarding man’s research results and suffer defeat building an important contribution flaxen his own on it. Rayleigh’s grasp of such widely multiform fields as optics and hydraulics, acoustics and electromagnetic theory, was phenomenal; and only Maxwell, Physicist, and Helmholtz came near him this aspect of his genius.

During the middle and late 1880’s Rayleigh’s increasing tendency to unfold his research net became come into view.

His published papers from that period report results of unconfirmed and theoretical work on emission both optical and acoustical, eletromagnetism, general mechanical theorems, vibrations pursuit elastic media, capillarity, and thermodynamics. To this period belongs top pioneer work on the courtliness (selective transmission) of waves unite periodic structures, as well likewise his first precise measurements exhaustive the density of gases, which led to the discovery entity argon.

It was also illustriousness period in which Rayleigh manifestly first became interested in rank problem of the complete shedding law, which governs the sharing of energy in the range of blackbody radiation. His walk off with here was tentative, but noteworthy fully recognized the physical worth of this puzzling problem predict which Planck, Wien, and barrenness were devoting considerable attention.

What is now known as significance Rayleigh-Jeans law was first enunicated by Raylkeigh in 1900.

The exhibition and isolation of argon was undoubtedly Rayleigh’s most dramatic distinguished famous accomplishment. It emerged thanks to the solution to a controlled puzzle, and Rayleigh was most of the time at his best when wellknown by a puzzle.

The hitch was encountered in high-precision magnitude of the density of cryogen, undertaken in the first matter with the aim of around better values of the small weight of that element. Chuck it down was found that the culture of nitrogen prepared from liquid was about one part redraft two hundred less than influence density about one part temper two hundred less than say publicly density of nitrogen obtained suffer the loss of air.

Repeated reweighings only official the difference and led finding Rayleigh’s publishing in Nature (1892) a short note citing depiction apparent dilemma and asking fail to distinguish suggestions for its resolution. Access a certain sense this was unfortunate, in the light signify the priority problem involved tag on the subsequent discovery.

It does, however, illustrate Rayleigh’s single-minded eagerness to science as a group profession and what may rightly be called his scientific unselfishness.

The ultimate solution to the scandalous problem of the density only remaining nitrogen was suggested by prestige reading of a paper promulgated by Henry Cavendish in 1795. He had oxidized the element in a given volume in this area air by sparking the debris with a primitive static computer.

Cavendish found that no issue how long he conducted justness sparking, there was always cool small residue of gas turn apparently could not be new oxidized. He abandoned the evaluation at that point. Had dirt continued, he presumably would keep been the discoverer of element. Rayleigh decided to push Cavendish’s experiment to a conclusion, fabrication finally on the conviction avoid there really was another whole component of atmospheric air in supplement to the commonly accepted ones.

Rayleigh used an induction coil correspond with provide the electrical discharge paper the oxidation of nitrogen, nevertheless the process of accumulating adequacy of the new gas be adjacent to test its properties was trim slow one.

In the period Sir William Ramsay, having acclaimed Rayleigh’s nitrogen-density problem, proceeded figure out attempt the isolation of character unknown gas by much quicker chemical means. Ramsay kept Physicist thoroughly informed of his activities, but some confusion and inconclusiveness still exist over whether Physicist actually gave Ramsay his mathematical blessing.

In the end both shared in the recognition suffer privation the discovery of argon nearby presented their results in trim joint paper. There was loftiness usual skepticism over the believability of the result, especially degeneration the part of chemists, who found it hard to fall for that a genuinely new unit could have remained undetected muddle up so long.

The relative inorganic inertness of argon was, make a rough draft course, the explanation. Sooner plain later spectroscopic analysis would rank any case have revealed fraudulence existence. Rayleigh and Ramsay were led to take the offer way in its recognition.

It was largely because of this display that Rayleigh was awarded magnanimity Nobel Prize in physics carry 1904, while Ramsay received decency Nobel Prize in chemistry primacy same year.

It is to a certain extent ironic that Rayleigh received class prize for work as substantial for chemistry as for physics, when he never felt inaccuracy had much competence as skilful chemist. And indeed there seems little question that his badger contributions to physics were hugely more significant than the broadcasting of argon.

The latter ambushed both the scientific and authority popular fancy, however. Although Physicist took the discovery very seriously–as he did all his research–and worked very hard at sparkling, it seems clear that in days gone by the existence of the newborn gas and the demonstration jump at its properties were irrefutably conventional, Rayleigh was disinclined to hubbub on with this kind attain research.

Even during the couple years of the argon analysis (1892–1895) he found time give somebody the job of contribute to the scientific data some twelve papers dealing check on the interference and scattering be fooled by light, the telephone and corruption technical problems, and the appraisal of the minimum audible focus of sound.

An illustration of Rayleigh’s uncanny ability to forecast developments in physics is provided beside his 1899 paper “On grandeur Cooling of Air by Emanation and Conduction and on rendering Propagation of Sound.” In that he faced the problem spectacle the anomalously high sound exhaustion observed in air (much better than that predicted by depiction transport properties of viscosity prep added to heat conduction).

He predicted desert the solution to the strain might well be found weigh down a relaxation mechanism involving current transfer of energy between travel and internal energy states contempt the molecules of the propellant through which the sound passes. This suggestion was adopted unwelcoming various later investigators and has led to the establishment fence the vigorous field of molecular acoustics, which by the next half of the twentieth 100 has thrown new and director light not only on unhearable propagation but also on justness structure and interaction of molecules.

Any appraisal of Rayleigh’s scientific achievements must include mention of king relation to modern physics good turn, in particular, to the coordination and development of quantum see relativity theories.

This poses eminence interesting but somewhat puzzling dispute. In his reading and jurisdiction association with other scientists, Physicist kept fully abreast of categorize the important activity in physics. He keenly realized the accountable that classical physics (electromagnetic possibility, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics) was encountering near the end longawaited the nineteenth century in depiction attempt to explain the ahead of schedule phenomena of radiation spectra.

On the contrary he refused to give superficial hope that adequate solutions would be forthcoming within the rack of traditional physical theories. Radical ideas evidently were distasteful indicate him. He could never become fuller much enthusiasm for Planck’s quantum theory and its subsequent transaction. He never attacked the notionally with any vehemence but naturally felt it was not stand your ground his taste.

His derivation of what came later to be entitled the Rayleigh-Jeans radiation law (published in 1900, a few months before Planck’s famous paper pile into the distribution law) reflects Rayleigh’s general attitude very well.

Ethics statistical principle of equipartition clone energy among resonators worked pull off well for long wavelengths. Helpful has the impression that Physicist felt a secret longing deviate with some ingenious maneuvering invoice might be made to rip off for the short wavelenghts reorganization well. Of course it on no account has! But he certainly cannot be accused of allowing companionship nostalgia for traditionalism in physics to keep him from critically considering the problem and sheltered importance.

Somewhat similar remarks apply take in hand the problem of the unraveling of the intricacies of small spectra.

Rayleigh fully realized justness ultimate significance of this hinder connection with atomic constitution mount tried his hands at legion calculations of vibratory systems depart might possess frequencies in conform, for example, with the Balmer formula for the emission scale of hydrogen. He admitted by choice that the failures of these attempts indicated the need convoy new approaches.

At the selfsame time Bohr’s theory was likewise radical and revolutionary for liking.

Rayleigh also was much think about with the physical problems delay ultimately led to the possibility of relativity. As far check as 1887 he was sympathetic in astronomical aberration and fraudulence bearing on the theory engage in a luminiferous ether.

At lose concentration time he indicated a decision for Fresnel’s assumption of precise stationary ether, despite the by all accounts null results of Michelson’s renowned 1881 experiment. Rayleigh was doubting of the validity of Michelson’s early work. Here again think it over seems clear that he was much disturbed by the narrow road that the ether would accept to be abandoned as require unworkable hypothesis.

His loyalty chew out the classical wave theory supporting light was very great. Physicist saw the necessity for just starting out experiments, however, and in 1901 undertook to detect possible coupled refraction in a material median due to motion through pure presumptive stationary ether. The disputing results added to the uphill evidence that no physical episode can enable one to put out of order between the motion of cardinal inertial systems so as accomplish say that one is hatred rest while the other in your right mind moving in an absolute balance.

Rayleigh contributed nothing to honourableness Einstein theory of relativity thanks to such, although it is distinguishable that he followed its developments with interest. Here again jurisdiction rather conservative nature asserted itself.

The pace of Rayleigh’s research vogue did not slacken as sharp-tasting approached his later years.

Improvement the last fifteen years faultless his life he produced xc papers, of which some known notable work. For example, lock this period belongs a put down on sound waves of exactly amplitude, in which the sooner investigations of W. J. Class. Rankine and Hugoniot on what came to be called discovery waves were much extended.

That laid the groundwork for even future development. Other important gift to acoustics after 1905 were concerned with the binaural suitcase in human hearing, in which Rayleigh’s pioneer investigations paved dignity way for the relatively gigantic amount of interest in that problem in the later 20th century, and with the suaveness and scattering of sound.

The Understanding of Sound was kept happening with appropriate revisions and equitable still a vade mecum instruction every acoustical research laboratory.

Decency scattering of light from spruce up corrugated surface also provided advanced insight into a difficult problem.

Along with this intense research lifetime, Rayleigh devoted considerable attention fulfil professional scientific societies and parliamentary applied science. The details pay the bill the life of a proof scientist working at his inactive or in his laboratory generally seem to offer little admire dramatic character.

But Rayleigh became an important public figure bring to fruition his lifetime and devoted ostentatious energy to the promotion cut into science as a whole illustrious physical science in particular. Loosen up early became interested in justness affairs of the British Confederacy for the Advancement of Study. His first research results were presented at a meeting waning the Association at Norwich unswervingly 1868, and he served pass for president of Section A (Mathematics and Physics) at the Southampton meeting in 1882.

His directorship of the entire Association pray the Montreal meeting in 1884 has already been mentioned.

Elected endure the Royal Society in 1873, Rayleigh served as secretary (succeeding to Sir George Stokes) flight 1885 to 1896. He took his duties very seriously stomach made some interesting discoveries dwell in the archives of the Homeland, including the neglected paper contempt the Scottish engineer J.

Number. Waterston, pioneer in the molecular theory of gases. In 1905 Rayleigh was elected president funding the Royal Society and served until 1908. Because he at no time treated any organizational post likewise a sinecure, he was wellknown in demand when advice settle down active work on difficult difficulties were sought.

In 1896 Rayleigh force appointment as scientific adviser cause somebody to Trinity House, a post Archangel Faraday had held some 60 years previously.

This organization, dating to the time of Orator VIII, has as its work the erection and maintenance forfeit such coastal installations as lighthouses and buoys. Rayleigh served that organization for fifteen years. Such of his later work timetabled optics and acoustics was inherent by problems arising in bond with tests of fog signals and lights.

This work intolerant Trinity House is an for instance of his willingness to be the source of freely of time and verve to scientific committees of authority and professional organizations in picture interests of applied science. Precise leader in the movement chief in the establishment of rectitude National Physical Laboratory at Teddington (the British counterpart of justness United States National Bureau bear out Standards), he presided over spoil executive committee until shortly previously his death.

Other examples promote to Rayleigh’s public service are potentate chairmanships of the Explosives Panel of the War Office charge his long tour of satisfy as chief gas examiner do away with the London gas supply.

Despite picture relative shortness of his temper career as a university dominie, Rayleigh took a great affliction in educational problems and served on the governing boards rigidity several educational institutions.

From 1908 to his death in 1919 he served as chancellor dressingdown Cambridge University.

The bulk of Rayleigh’s experimental notebooks, calculations, and honesty original MSS of his available papers have been acquired stop the United States Air Calling Cambridge Research Laboratories in Bedford, Massachusetts, and are now housed there as the Rayleigh Catalogue.

Photostat copies have been produced to other libraries, particularly rendering Niels Bohr Library of high-mindedness American Institute of Physics joke New York, and are disengaged for scholarly study.

Public recognition build up his scientific achievements came variety Rayleigh in full measure. Later receiving the Nobel Prize encompass 1904, he donated its big bucks award, amounting to about $38,500, to Cambridge University to educate the Cavendish Laboratory and high-mindedness University Library.

Rayleigh was single of the first members make public the new Order of Honour when it was established surprise 1902. He also became span privy councillor in 1905. Powder was the recipient of 13 honorary degrees and held 1 memberships in, or received for all awards from over fifty well-informed societies.

Rayleigh may justly be putative the last great polymath rejoice physical science.

He outlived monarch closest rivals Helmholtz, Gibbs, k and Poincaré by a mensurable span of years and remained professionally active to the adversity of his life. At illustriousness time of his death type left three completed professional recognition unpublished. The amount of labour he accomplished in the rudely fifty-five years of his veteran career can only be viewed as prodigious.

By nature type was not a profoundly example boldly imaginative scientist who would initiate a wholly new solution like the electromagnetic theory attention radiation, the quantum theory, virtue relativity. In this respect perform differed from Maxwell, Planck, Bohr, and Einstein. But he exact advance enormously the power leading scope of applicability of shrewdly every branch of classical physics.

He was admired and notorious for his sound scientific elegance and his ability to drench to the heart of working-class scientific problem he encountered. Depose all, Rayleigh was a unpretentious man. Typical of this was the remark he made identical his speech accepting the Tidy-up of Merit: “The only payment of which I personally sketch conscious is that of taking accedence pleased myself by my studies, and any results that could have been due to wooly researches are owing to blue blood the gentry fact that it has back number a pleasure to me be in breach of become a physicist.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Shop. Lord Rayleigh’s complete bibliography includes one book and 430 rates b standing.

Richard burton mann biography

All the articles have antique published in his Scientific Papers, 6 vols. (Cambridge, 1899–1920), repr., 3 vols. (New York, 1964). The scope of Rayleigh’s investigating activity is indicated by goodness following. His book is The Theory of Sound, 2 vols. (London, 1877–1878). His articles incorporate “On Some Electromagnetic Phenomena Advised in Connexion With the Vigorous Theory,” in Philosophical Magazine, 38 (1869), 1–14; “On the Shyly of Resonance,” in Philosophical Commerce of the Royal Society, 161 (1870), 77–118; “On the Emit From the Sky, Its Polarisation and Colour Appendix,” in Philosophical Magazine, 41 (1871), 107–120, 274–279; “On the Scattering of Produce a result by Small Particles,” ibid., 447–454; “Investigation of the Disturbance Prove by a Spherical Obstacle share out the Waves of Sound,” pavement Proceedings of the London Rigorous Society, 4 (1872), 253–283; “On the Application of Photography carry out Copy Diffraction-Gratings,” in British Club Report (1872), 39 ; “On the Diffraction of Object-Glasses,” of the essence Astronomical Society Monthly Notes, 33 (1872), 59–63; “Some General Theorems Relating to Vibrations,” in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 4 (1873), 357–368; “On nobility Manufacture and Theory of Diffraction-Gratings,” in Philosophical Magazine, 47 (1874), 81–93, 193–205; “General Theorems Relatilng to Equilibrium and Initial focus on Steady Motions,” ibid., 49 (1875), 218–224; “On the Dissipation invite Energy,” in Nature, 40 (1875), 454–455; “On Waves,” in Philosophical Magazine, 1 (1876), 257–259; “Our Perception of the Direction clean and tidy a Source of Sound,” wrapping Nature, 41 (1876), 32–33; “On the Application of the Precept of Reciprocity to Acoustics,” crop Proceedings of the Royal Society, 25 (1876), 118–122: “Acoustical Information.

I,” in Philosophical Magazine, n.s. 3 (1877), 456–464; “Absolute Pitch,” in Nature, 17 (1877), 12–14: “On the Relation Between influence Functions of Laplace and Bessel,” in Proceedings of the Writer Mathematical Society, 9 (1878), 61–64; “On the Capillary Phenomena vacation Jets,” in Proceedings of rendering Royal Society, 29 (1879), 71–97; and “Acoustical Observations.

II,” comport yourself Philosophical Magazine, 7 (1879); 149–162.

Later articles are “On Reflection detect Vibrations at the Confines short vacation Two Media Between Which honesty Transition is Gradual,” in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 9 (1880), 51–56; “On significance Resolving-Power of Telescopes,” in Philosophical Magazine, 10 (1880), 116–119; “On the Electromagnetic Theory of Light,” ibid., 12 (1881), 81–101; “On the Determination of the Physicist [B.A.

Unit] in Absolute Measure,” in Proceedings of the Converse Society, 32 (1881), 104–141, destined with Arthur Schuster; “Experiments resurrect Determine the Value of representation British Association Unit of Lustiness in Absolute Measure,” in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 173 (1882), 661–697; “On prestige Specific Resistance of Mercury,” ibid., 174 (1882), 173–185, written handle Mrs.

H. Sidgwick; “Address lay aside the Mathematical and Physical Branch Section of the British Association,” in British Association Report (1882), 437–441; “On an Instrument Boneless of Measuring the Intensity collide Aerial Vibrations,” in Philosophical Magazine, 14 (1882), 186–187; “On authority Maintained Vibrations,” ibid., 15 (1883), 229–235; “Distribution of Energy compact the Spectrum,” in Nature, 27 (1883), 559–560; “On the Crispations of Fluid Resting Upon orderly Vibrating Support,” in Philosophical Magazine,16 (1883), 50–58; “On Laplace’s Hesitantly of Capillarity,” ibid., 309–315; “On the Circulation of Air Empirical in Kundt’s Tubes and be anxious Some Allied Acoustical Problems,” make Philosophical Transactions, 175 (1883), 1–21; “The Form of Standing Waves on the Surface of Treatment Water,” in Proceedings of description London Mathematical Society, 15 (1883), 69–78; “On the Constant show consideration for Magnetic Rotation of Light be thankful for Bisulphide of Carbon,” in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 76 (1884), 343–366; “On Waves Propagated Along the Plane Even of an Elastic Solid,” embankment Proceedings of the London Controlled Society, 17 (1885), 4–11: “On the Maintenance of Vibrations preschooler Forces of Double Frequency significant on the Propagation of Waves Through a Medium Endowed Fitting a Periodic Structure,” in Philosophical Magazine, 24 (1887), 145–159; “On the Relative Densities of Gas and Oxygen (Preliminary Notice),” complain Proceedings of the Royal Society, 43 (1887), 356–363; “On leadership Free Vibrations of an Endless Plate of Homogeneous Isotropic Flexible Matter,” in Proceedings of class London Mathematical Society, 20 (1889), 225–234; “On the Character after everything else the Complete Radiation at splendid Given Temperature,” in Philosophical Magazine, 27 (1889), 460–469; “Foam,” serve Proceedings of the Royal Institution, 13 (1890), 85–97; “On greatness Tension of Water Surfaces, Sponge and Contaminated, Investigated by blue blood the gentry Method of Ripples,” in Philosophical Magazine, 30 (1890), 386–400; “On The Theory of Surface Forces,” in Philosophical Magazine, 30 (1890), 285–298, 456–475; “On the Virial of a System of Unbroken Colliding Bodies,” in Nature, 45 (1891), 80–82; “On the Related Densitites of Hydrogen and o II,” in Proceedings of authority Royal Society, 50 (1892), 448–463; and “On the Physics subtract Media That are Composed chide Free and Perfectly Elastic Molecules in a State of Motion,” in Philosophical Transactions of character Royal Society, 183A (1892), 1–5.

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II.

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R. Hazardous. Lindsay